S2-D is a computer progamme that helps researchers to reproduce, evaluate and visualise Schwartz’s 2-dimensional
value space using empirical data in a Goodness-of-Fit test procedure. The automation of this procedure almost
completely replaces the manual methods used previously by researchers working with Schwartz’s 2-dimensional model
and performing confirmatory Smallest Space Analysis (SSA).
SSA is a specific multi-dimensional scaling technique that plots variables as points on a multi-dimensional
spatial map and into the smallest possible geometric space. The points or co-ordinates are located on the spatial
map according to the similarity of the coefficients (e.g. Pearson Correlation Coefficients) among the variables:
closely related variables are plotted close together and dissimilar variables further apart.
S2-D is faster, more accurate and standardises the Goodness-of-Fit test procedure in reproducing Schwartz’s
two-dimensional model based on SSA.
How to improve your 2D-Configuration
If you have more than 11 moves, rotate Sectors
Check each sector-border by moving it to the right and left
Points to Move:
GoF1:
GoF2:
Contraction
Pointname
UN_1
Universalism Point 1
UN_2
Universalism Point 2
UN_3
Universalism Point 3
BE_1
Benevolence Point 1
BE_2
Benevolence Point 2
CO_1
Conformity Point 1
CO_2
Conformity Point 2
TR_1
Tradition Point 1
TR_2
Tradition Point 2
SE_1
Security Point 1
SE_2
Security Point 2
PO_1
Power Point 1
PO_2
Power Point 2
AC_1
Achievment Point 1
AC_2
Achievment Point 2
HE_1
Hedonism Point 1
HE_2
Hedonism Point 2
ST_1
Stimulation Point 1
ST_2
Stimulation Point 2
SD_1
Self-Direction Point 1
SD_2
Self-Direction Point 2
Schwartz’s Theory of Basic Values and 2-dimensional model
In a nutshell Schwartz’s (2012) Theory of Basic Values identifies ten distinct value orientations and four value domains.
Figure 1 shows how Schwartz organises the structure of his theory as a two-dimensional model.
The relations between Schwartz’s value types are best represented as a circle.
Compatible values are closer to each other and conflicting values are further apart.
Based on this model, the value orientations of individuals are measured using the Portrait Value Questionnaire
(PVQ), which contains 21 items and each item consists of two statements.
In the PVQ there are two items for each of nine values and the 10th value, which is Universalism, is measured
using three items in the questionnaire.
Check each sector-border by moving it to the right and left.
Step 4: Data Preview
The point coordinates are displayed.
Step 5: Preview Results
Points to move, GoF1, GoF2, Visualisation and Table with Steps
can be viewed and downloaded as PDF.
Step 6: Save
Current settings, visualisation as PNG and a final report as HTML or PDF can be downloaded.
How to prepare the Excel Template:
Download the Template Excel File by clicking on "Download Template.xlsx".
Open the downloaded file.
Put your MDS-Coordinates into the yellow area!
You can insert your x- and y- coordinates with comma or decimal point.
The order of the points (=items) is important - please insert the data in the order in which they appear in the Template. (SD_1m, PO_1m, Un_1m, ..., HE_2m)
After inserting the coordinates, save the file and upload it on the website.
